If you want to use a temporary variable, which is not used anywhere, the convention is to use _.
for root, _, files in os.walk(rootdir):
Last Updated : 07 Jul, 2022
Output:
All functions accepting path or file names accept both bytes and string objects, and result in an object of the same type, if a path or file name is returned.,All functions in this module raise OSError (or subclasses thereof) in the case of invalid or inaccessible file names and paths, or other arguments that have the correct type, but are not accepted by the operating system.,Return an open file object connected to the file descriptor fd. This is an alias of the open() built-in function and accepts the same arguments. The only difference is that the first argument of fdopen() must always be an integer.,path may be a path-like object. If path is of type bytes (directly or indirectly through the PathLike interface), the filenames returned will also be of type bytes; in all other circumstances, they will be of type str.
for fd in range(fd_low, fd_high):
try:
os.close(fd)
except OSError:
passif os.access("myfile", os.R_OK):
with open("myfile") as fp:
return fp.read()
return "some default data"try:
fp = open("myfile")
except PermissionError:
return "some default data"
else:
with fp:
return fp.read()with os.scandir(path) as it:
for entry in it:
if not entry.name.startswith('.') and entry.is_file():
print(entry.name)>>>
import os
>>>
statinfo = os.stat('somefile.txt') >>>
statinfo
os.stat_result(st_mode = 33188, st_ino = 7876932, st_dev = 234881026,
st_nlink = 1, st_uid = 501, st_gid = 501, st_size = 264, st_atime = 1297230295,
st_mtime = 1297230027, st_ctime = 1297230027) >>>
statinfo.st_size
264os.stat in os.supports_dir_fd
scandir() yields a DirEntry object for each file and sub-directory in path. Just like listdir, the '.' and '..' pseudo-directories are skipped, and the entries are yielded in system-dependent order. Each DirEntry object has the following attributes and methods:,scandir() is a directory iteration function like os.listdir(), except that instead of returning a list of bare filenames, it yields DirEntry objects that include file type and stat information along with the name. Using scandir() increases the speed of os.walk() by 2-20 times (depending on the platform and file system) by avoiding unnecessary calls to os.stat() in most cases.,This subdirs() function will be significantly faster with scandir than os.listdir() and os.path.isdir() on both Windows and POSIX systems, especially on medium-sized or large directories.,The full docs for scandir() and the DirEntry objects it yields are available in the Python documentation here. But below is a brief summary as well.
scandir has been included in the Python 3.5 standard library as os.scandir(), and the related performance improvements to os.walk() have also been included. So if you're lucky enough to be using Python 3.5 (release date September 13, 2015) you get the benefit immediately, otherwise just download this module from PyPI, install it with pip install scandir, and then do something like this in your code:
# Use the built - in version of scandir / walk if possible, otherwise # use the scandir module version try: from os import scandir, walk except ImportError: from scandir import scandir, walk
Here's a very simple example of scandir() showing use of the DirEntry.name attribute and the DirEntry.is_dir() method:
def subdirs(path):
""
"Yield directory names not starting with '.' under given path."
""
for entry in os.scandir(path):
if not entry.name.startswith('.') and entry.is_dir():
yield entry.nameThe example below tries to repeat operation 10 times using a full jitter backoff. See algorithm details here.
// An example operation that do some useful stuff.
// It fails five first times.
var last time.Time
op: = func(c int) error {
printInfo(c, & last)
if c < 5 {
return repeat.HintTemporary(errors.New("can't connect to a server"))
}
return nil
}
// Repeat op on any error, with 10 retries, with a backoff.
err: = repeat.Repeat(
// Our op with additional call counter.
repeat.FnWithCounter(op),
// Force the repetition to stop in case the previous operation
// returns nil.
repeat.StopOnSuccess(),
// 10 retries max.
repeat.LimitMaxTries(10),
// Specify a delay that uses a backoff.
repeat.WithDelay(
repeat.FullJitterBackoff(500 * time.Millisecond).Set(),
),
)The example of output:
Attempt #0, Delay 0s
Attempt #1, Delay 373.617912ms
Attempt #2, Delay 668.004225ms
Attempt #3, Delay 1.220076558s
Attempt #4, Delay 2.716156336s
Attempt #5, Delay 6.458431017s
Repetition process is finished with: <nil>The example below is almost the same as the previous one. It adds one important feature - possibility to cancel operation repetition using context's timeout.
// A context with cancel.
// Repetition will be cancelled in 3 seconds.
ctx, cancelFunc: = context.WithCancel(context.Background())
go func() {
time.Sleep(3 * time.Second)
cancelFunc()
}()
// Repeat op on any error, with 10 retries, with a backoff.
err: = repeat.Repeat(
...
// Specify a delay that uses a backoff.
repeat.WithDelay(
repeat.FullJitterBackoff(500 * time.Millisecond).Set(),
repeat.SetContext(ctx),
),
...
)The example below is almost the same as the previous one but it will be cancelled using special error timeout. This timeout resets each time the operations return nil.
// An example operation that do heartbeat.
// It fails 5 times after 3 successfull tries.
var last time.Time
op: = func(c int) error {
printInfo(c, & last)
if c > 3 && c < 8 {
return repeat.HintTemporary(errors.New("can't connect to a server"))
}
return nil
}
err: = repeat.Repeat(
// Heartbeating op.
repeat.FnWithCounter(op),
// Delay with fixed backoff and error timeout.
repeat.WithDelay(
repeat.FixedBackoff(time.Second).Set(),
repeat.SetErrorsTimeout(3 * time.Second),
),
)You're using file variable in path_file anycodings_python = os.path.join(root, dirs, file) line anycodings_python outside of for loop which makes python anycodings_python throw the error 'UnboundLocalError: anycodings_python local variable 'file' referenced before anycodings_python assignment',I was initially encountering an error that anycodings_os.walk 'dirs' was an unused variable so I included anycodings_os.walk it in my path_file variable. ,I used this answer as a basis for copying anycodings_os.walk the files I followed this guide to pass anycodings_os.walk variables but am having trouble,I am trying to learn passing variables by anycodings_os.walk making a small script to copy all files from anycodings_os.walk an input directory path and copy them to anycodings_os.walk another folder.
This is the code of what I am trying to anycodings_os.walk attempt:
def verification():
verify_path = input()
if verify_path[0] == "\""
and verify_path[-1] != '"':
verify_path = verify_path[1: ]
pass
elif verify_path[: -1] == "\""
and verify_path[0] != '"':
verify_path = verify_path[: -1]
pass
elif verify_path[0] == '"'
and verify_path[-1] == '"':
verify_path = verify_path[1: -1]
pass
else:
pass
print('Your path is: ' + (verify_path) + '\nIs this okay? If so, hit the y key. If this is not okay hit the n key to change to path or x to exit')
char = bytes.decode(msvcrt.getch(), encoding = "utf-8")
if char.upper() == 'Y':
pass
elif char.upper() != 'Y':
print("Please copy and paste in a new path")
verify_path = input()
elif char.upper() != 'x':
exit()
else:
pass
return verify_path
def move_files(original_path):
cwd = os.getcwd()
for root, dirs, files in os.walk(original_path):
for file in files:
try:
new_path = os.mkdir(os.path.join(cwd, 'Copy Folder'))
except FileExistsError:
continue
path_file = os.path.join(root, dirs, file)
print(path_file)
shutil.copy2(path_file, new_path)
def main():
move_files(original_path = verification())
main()Correction in your code:
def move_files(original_path):
cwd = os.getcwd()
try:
new_path = os.mkdir(os.path.join(cwd, 'Copy Folder'))
except FileExistsError:
pass
for root, dirs, files in os.walk(original_path):
for file in files:
path_file = os.path.join(root, file)
print(path_file)
shutil.copy2(path_file, new_path)